[This is an introduction to a book]
Introduction: The struggle for representation, social justice and the state of Black America (1 page)
A brief history of Government atrocities against Black Americans (use content below, 4 – 5 pages)
United States Slavery (before 1526 1865) Approximately 12.5 million Black people were transported from Africa to the Americas, with at least 2 million dying on the way. Four million Black people (89 percent of the Black population of the U.S.) were enslaved at the time of the Civil War.
Post-reconstruction massacres (1866 -1937) – White mobs murdered thousands of Black people after the northern Republicans struct a deal with southern Democrats to end reconstruction. In the first post-reconstruction massacre in 1866, in Memphis, white civilians and police killed 46 Black people, while burning their homes, schools and churches. Numerous massacres followed, including the 1921 Tulsa Massacre. These massacres not only led to loss of Black lives, but also permanently destroyed Black businesses, business districts, and educational and spiritual institutions.
Jim Crow Laws (~1866 1965) The premature ending of reconstruction, failure to provide Black people the promised land and equipment, and Plessey vs. Ferguson led to Jim Crow Laws. These shadow laws were developed throughout the nation to enforce racial segregation and discrimination against Black people. Jim Crow laws stripped Black people of the right to vote, relegated Black people to substandard educational facilities, and created impenetrable barriers for Black people trying to own property, start businesses or secure employment.
COINTELPRO (COunter INTELligence PROgram) (1956 1974 and beyond) This United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) initiative used dirty tricks to assassinate, unjustly imprison, discredit, harass, and intimidate for the stated purpose of neutralizing prominent Black leadership to, according to the FBI, prevent the rise of a messiah who could unify, and electrify, the militant black nationalist movement. Few people consider Martin Luther King Jr as a militant black nationalist, but he was a prime target of COINTELPRO. COINTELPRO left an enduring vacuum in Black leadership during a time when Black leaders and organizations were gaining international prominence.
Crack and Mass Incarceration (1980 2010s and beyond) In the 1980s, through the CIA, the Reagan Administration facilitated, or turned a blind eye to, the Nicaraguan Contras selling cocaine to Black communities. The availability of cheaper and more powerful cocaine that was predesigned for freebasing (crack) led to a public health crisis in the poor Black community. However, instead of providing drug treatment, the same government that supported clandestine pathways for crack to enter the community, developed a series of draconian laws to criminalize crack users and sellers. This resulted in the drug problem getting worse and a 700%+ rise in the Black prison population.
The struggle continues (2 pages)
One page to discuss the importance of these articles (include article names and authors)
2. The Sankofa Movement, Re-envisioning African Liberation and Answering our Ancestors: Ron Walters and the Long-view Genealogies of African Culture, Intellectual Work and Activism by Dr. Afia Zakiya and Kobina Nketsia V,
3. Lynchings Real and Imagined by Dr. Julianne Malveaux
4. Reparations and the On-going Struggle for Multiracial Democracy in the USA by Dr. Errol Henderson
1. Black Immigrant Invisibility within Immigration Advocacy and Policy By Tatiana Benjamin Griffiths Manning, PhD (18 pages)
2. Congressman Ron Dellums Public Policy Legacy: Be Bold, Be Tireless, and Never Give Up By Margaretta Lin, JD, MA, Dan Lindheim, PhD, JD, MCP, MPH
3. Gender, Health, and Social Justice in Ghana: Reflections on the Womens Manifesto for Ghana and Recommendations By Jameta Nicole Barlow, PhD, MPH, Anee Korme, MA, MBA, Ebony Okafor, PhD
4. Inequity Kills: Reparations to Address Colonialism and Structural Racism Driving the Unjust Global Distribution of Physicians and Poor Health Outcomes By Michelle Morse, MD, MPH, Jonas Attilus, MD, Tinashe Goronga, MD, Thomas Fisher, MD, Brooke Cunningham, MD, PhD (22 pages)-
5. Black Americas Rising Tide to Lift All Boats: Moving from Shadow Economics to Real Partnership with Africa By Dr. Wilmot Allen, Mr. Larry Yon, Mr. Greg Marchand
6. Black America Counts: Participating in the 2020 Census to Secure the Future of the Black Population By A. Jeanine Abrams, PhD
7. Changing Demographics and Policy Reflections: The Case for Historic and Foreign Blacks in Greater Boston By Rita Kiki Edozie and Barbara Lewis
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