its a response paper about this passage
Civil rights are rights that belong to a person because he or she is a citizen, a member of a state or nation. One civil right is the right to vote. Another is the right to own, buy or sell property. We also have the civil right to use the courts and the legal system.
Civil rights are granted by the Constitution and by-laws of Congress. Groups who have been denied their rights have struggled to change the Constitution to protect their rights.
There are 26 amendments or changes already added to the Constitution. The Fourteenth Amendment makes it clear that black people are citizens. The Fifteenth Amendment protects black citizens right to vote. Women received the right to vote under the Nineteenth Amendment and 18-year-olds under the Twenty-sixth Amendment. Many people want the Equal Rights Amendment (E.R.A.) to be added to the Constitution. It would forbid discrimination on the basis of sex.
Besides amendments, federal laws have also been passed to insure peoples rights. The first of these was the Civil Rights Act of 1866. It said that black people had the same rights as white people.
The Civil Rights Act of 1875 tried to end segregation, the forced separation of the races. At that time there were laws to keep black and white people apart on trains, in restaurants and in schools. These were called Jim Crow laws and they lasted for nearly 100 years. One reason Jim Crow laws survived was that the 1875 act was soon declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. The court said that acts such as refusing to serve black persons were legal because they were private acts. Having separate schools, toilets and train sections were legal as long as these areas were the same for both races. This came to be known as the idea of separate but equal. Not until 1954 did the court decide that separating the races was not right, fair or equal.
The Civil Rights Act of 1957 gave the federal government the job of protecting the civil rights of its citizens. It was seen that this job could not be left in the hands of state and local governments. The law allowed people to file civil suits in federal courts to protect their right to vote. It also promised fair housing and schooling. The Commission on Civil Rights was a special group set up to enforce these rules.
The Civil Rights Act of 1960 gave the U.S. Department of Justice the power to carry out the 1957 law. Under this act, federal judges could stop acts of discrimination in the states.
Public marches and sit-ins in the early 1960s led to the 1964 Civil Rights Act. This act was broader than any before. It set up funds and advisors to help solve racial problems at a local level. It gave more protection to black voters. It outlawed discrimination in hiring and in labor union laws. Further, it suggested holding back federal money from state programs not obeying the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Finally, it gave federal money to public schools that opened their doors to students of all races.
In 1968 Martin Luther King, Jr., was killed. This led to the passing of another civil rights act to protect civil rights workers. It was also meant to control riots or violence that sometimes came with protests.
In spite of the many federal laws, enforcement of civil rights is still a problem. Even today, bad feelings and acts of disc
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