Please respond to each post as if responding to a colleague in a discussion post in class. Each response should be at least 200 words. Thank you.
YL. Post 1. The rules of behavior for scientific researchers are governed by research ethics. The main goal of this study is to assist in adhering to the code of behavior for patients. We also need to protect safety, moral rights, and safety for everyone involved in the study. When undertaking such research, you should take every precaution to limit access to personal information, reduce the risk of disclosure, and get informed consent for the use of clinical data in research. The most successful technique for preventing the leaking of sensitive information is to delete all identifying information from medical record data before using it for research.
The ethical code and regulations are affected. Historical events that have place under the auspices of health research led to the development of ethical principles for conducting legitimate clinical research. By ensuring that the benefits outweigh the risks and that we are conducting clinical research in the most ethical manner possible. Also keep in mind that participants in the trial have the right to leave at any time and without explanation, so keep that in mind and make sure you have enough people to cover those numbers if anyone choose to leave. Also, keep in mind that everyone has the right to therapy, and if it is required, we will provide it, regardless of race or sexual orientation. Also remember that everyone has the right to treatment if it is required, and we will provide that treatment regardless of race, sexual orientation, or religious beliefs; we do not discriminate against anyone for any reason, and we must always keep this in mind when conducting any type of trail or research. As a result of these, the researchers took matters into their own hands, raising awareness of the problem’s presence. They also set the tone for the development of the necessary ethical norms and policies. By highlighting the important concerns in medical research, the event had an impact on contemporary moral rules of conduct. It also offered advice on the most ethical ways to overcome obstacles, based on what worked and what did not for the researchers. It is important to remember that we are working with people who all have rights. With all the advancements in healthcare and ethics through the years, we must always do what is best for them, no matter what.
SA. Post 2. As healthcare professionals, we took an oath to care, protect, and save the lives of each individual under our care to the best of our knowledge, capability, strength, and honesty without prejudice, bias, and bigotry. It is challenging to discuss ethics in healthcare, not to mention some of the horrendous acts done to different groups of folks in the United States (US). Although we are talking about ethical codes and regulations for nursing and healthcare research, I received an article from a friend last year about Dr. J. Marion Sims, the famous Gynecologist. After reading the article, It truly affected my emotional well-being and was disturbed of the unethically acts and behaviors towards women, worst enslaved women.
According to Lynch (2020), J. Marion Sims, known a the “father of modern gynecology, carried out and completed painful experiments on African American female slaves without anesthesia or their consent. Dr. Sims performed over thirty unbearable and painful operations on one slave woman named Anarcha while awake and without a sedative. From eighteen forty-six to eighteen forty-nine, he unethically utilized at least ten slave women without their consent to experiment and perfected different apparatus that many gynecologists currently use, such as the “modern-day speculum and the Sims positions.” He would then perform the same procedures on rich European Caucasian women using proper anesthesia and sedative. Sadly, that is one reason why some healthcare providers, to this day, believe that African American women and men do not feel pain or can handle pain well compared to their counterparts and failed to manage their pain and discomfort properly. Many more similar unethical and immoral acts occurred and caused harm to many men and women of color years later, including the Tuskegee Syphilis Study from nineteen thirty-two to nineteen seventy-two where over four hundred African-American men were in a study diagnosed with Syphilis and were denied treatment even when treatment became available in nineteen-fifty. (Mandal et al., 2011).
Ethics, also known as “medical ethic” or “bioethics,” is a “set of moral principles, beliefs, and values that guide us in making choices about medical care.” The nucleus and fundamental of ethics is “Autonomy” by honoring patient’s rights and allowing them to make their own decision, Beneficence” helping patients advancing their own good, “Nonmaleficence is not to cause harm, and “Justice” means to be fair and treat each case equal. Vermont Ethics Network, 2021). The two historical events that have influenced the development of ethical codes and regulations include the Michigan ICU Study, an eighteen-month study with hundred participants to evaluate how to reduce “catheter-related infections” to help reduce mortality and costs in the ICU setting. By the first eighteen months, over fifteen hundred lives save and the study was successful. Unfortunately, the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP), a federal agency in charge of protecting individuals enrolled in research studies in the US, launched an investigation that determined that the Michigan ICU research study violated “ethics regulations” and ordered it to closed down. The OHRP reported that the study “violated two ethics regulations” where the stakeholders did not obtain proper consent and respect patients’ independence, or self-directed and also since the study was clinical research, not an “EBP implementation and Quality initiative,” The second one is the Spanish ICU study. About twenty percent of patients with severe sepsis in the ICU in Spain enrolled in an education plan to evaluate how sepsis causes death and health complications. Due to similar issues as the Michigan ICU study, the Spanish ICU study was also condemned, where the stakeholders failed to obtain consent from the patients and not respect their independence. Therefore research study stakeholders must be transparent, clear, and precise information must be provided to patients and families, allowing patients to maintain their autonomy. (Melnyk & Fineout-Overlook, 2015).
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