Instructions: Write a Research Essay on any topic on Biology. single-spaced,3+ citations
(you can also choose from any of the topics below)
Ch: 11
– What are the 3 stages of cell signaling choose one and discuss about it.
-Saccharomyces cerevisiae and signaling
-What is quorum sensing
-Local and long distance signaling : paracrine and endocrine
-Synaptic signaling
-What signals hormones will cause? What are ligand?
There are three main types of membrane receptors:
G protein-coupled receptors
Receptor tyrosine kinases
Ion channel receptors
—Intra cellular receptors
-What are protein phosphorylation by kinase and dephosphorylation by phosphatase
-Second messengers: ca, CAmp, Adenylyl cyclase and IP3, DAG
-What is output response
-The 4 aspect of signal regulation choose one and discuss slide 56
– Apoptosis, caspase and the related disease: parkinson, etc and the example of worm
-What are Ced-9 & Ced-3
-Ch 12
-Difference between mitosis and meiosis
-What steps are in the interphase and what are in mitotic division
-What is cytokinesis
-What are: genome, chromosome, somatic cells, gametes, sister chromaids, kinetochore (microtubules), cohesins, centromere
– Choose any of the prophase, prometaphase, ana or telophase, S, G1, G2 and discuss below
-What are the 3 checkpoints choose one and explain
-Separases
-Centrioles/centrosome and their function
-depolymerization of microtubules
-packman and reeling
-Cleavage, cleavage furrow, cell plate
-binary fissions
-Cyclin and CDKs
-MPF, G0 phase, grwoth factors
-Density dependent inhibition, anchorgae dependence
-Cancerous cell growth factors, bening tumor Vs. malignanat, metastasis
–
-The difference between somatic cells and gametes
-Sexual VS. Asexual reproduction
-Clone
-A life cycle
-karyotype
-Homologous chromosomes
-Autosomes Vs. Sex Chromosome
-Haploid Vs. Diploid
-Steps of meiosis
-Why meiosis II looks like mitosis
-Chiasmata, tetrad, Crossing over, Synaptonemal complex
-Alternation of generation
-Which step separation of homologous chromosome happen
-Three mechanisms contribute to genetic variation:
Independent assortment of chromosomes
Crossing over
Random fertilization
Crossing over produces recombinant
chromosomes, which combine DNA inherited from
each parent
Crossing over contributes to genetic variation by
combining DNA from two parents into a single
chromosome
Chapter 15
-Define Mendels proposeal hereditary units theory compare to chromosome theory of inheritance
-Several characteristics make fruit flies a convenient organism for genetic studies:
1)They produce many offspring
2)A generation can be bred every two weeks
3)They have only four pairs of chromosomes
-What color are wild type and what mutant type in Morgan experiment regarding eye color of fruit fly?
-Explain Morgan experiment below:
The F 1 generation all had red eyes
The F 2 generation showed a 3:1 red to white eye
ratio, but only males had white eyes
-What are SRY & XIST genes?
-What is Barr body?
-Recessive X / sex linked traits are more in male or females? why?
-Some disorders caused by recessive alleles on the
X chromosome in humans:
Color blindness (mostly X linked)
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Hemophilia
– Explain slide 28 on linked genes westigial wings and black body color of fruit fly etc.
– Define that : Linked genes do not obey independent assortment unless recombination due to crossing over happens
-What are genetic map, linkage map and map unit
-Why nondisjunction in miosis causes aneuploidy?
-What are aneuploidy, polyploidy, monosomy & trisomy?
– Explain the chromosomal number alterations in Down Syndrome, Turner & kleinfelter, XYY and XXX
-What are deletion, duplication, inversion and translocation and philadelphia chromosome
-What is cat cry/ cri du chat
-What are genomic imprinting/ the IGF2 gene and methylation
-Inheritance of organlelles /extranuclear/cytoplasmic genes
-What are mitochondrial myopathy and Leber s
hereditary optic neuropathy genetic basis
-Mitochondrial inheritance is maternal not paternal
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