Pederson. (2008). Dialects. In V.P. Clark, P.A. Eschholz, A.F. Rosa, & B.L. Simon (Eds.), Language Readings in Language and Culture (pp. 373-382). New York: St. Martins Press.
1. What four major American dialects does Pederson identify?
2. According to Pederson, what social groups have had important influences on American dialects? What are the major influences on language in the New York area?
Smitherman In V.P. Clark, P.A. Eschholz, A.F. Rosa, & B.L. Simon (Eds.), Language Readings in Language and Culture (pp. 373-382). New York: St. Martins Press.
1) Smitherman offers many examples of sentences that are rule-governed but would be considered incorrect by many Standard English speakers. Identify three rules that make the following sentences correct in African American English:
2) What are some features of African American English (Smitherman uses the term Black English) that you notice used by non-African American New Yorkers? Are there any features that you think are uniquely African-American? Are there any features that you think are not used presently (the article was written some decades back) or are not used in the New York area?
Roberts, P. (2008). Speech communities. In V.P. Clark, P.A. Eschholz, A.F. Rosa, & B.L. Simon (Eds.), Language Readings in Language and Culture (pp. 373-382). New York: St. Martins Press. Answer 1 question.
1. Identify the factors that, according to Roberts, are responsible for the development of speech communities and contribute to internal differences within each community. Trace the changing speech communities of an individual, using age as the only variable.
2. Roberts believes that marked differences exist between the speech communities of one generation and the next. Observe and describe speech differences between young adults and older adults that you know. Is age the only factor here? What kinds of differences exist between your speech and that of your parents? Between your speech and that of your grandparents? What, in general, are peoples attitudes toward these differences?
Macaulay, R.K.S. (2008). Regional dialects and social class. In V.P. Clark, P.A. Eschholz, A.F. Rosa, & B.L. Simon (Eds.), Language Readings in Language and Culture (pp. 383-397). New York: St. Martins Press. Answer 2 questions of your choice.
1. When Macaulay says that languages and dialects have both a unifying function and a separatist function, what does he mean? Examining his examples of British and American English, do you see them as separate languages, varieties of the same language, or both? Give some examples from your own experience.
2. How do you respond to differences in pronunciation, and to what extent does the type of speaker stranger, acquaintance, child, and so on alter that response? Do any of your pronunciations now differ from those of your peers? Explain.
3. In television or movies, how is social difference indicated by dialect difference? Provide examples from familiar films or shows.
4. What three reasons does Macaulay give to back up his belief that Standard English is not superior to other forms?
Crystal, D. (2008). Pidgins and Creoles. In V.P. Clark, P.A. Eschholz, A.F. Rosa, & B.L. Simon (Eds.), Language Readings in Language and Culture (pp. 451-457). New York: St. Martins Press. Answer 1 question of your choice.
1. How does Crystal define pidgins and Creoles?
2. What misconceptions surround the study of pidgins?
3. How do pidgins develop? Why is it likely that a pidgin would become extinct?
4. What does Crystal mean by expanded pidgins?At what point do pidgins become expanded?
5. How do Creoles develop?What does Crystal mean when he says that a language becomes creolized?How might a Creole language come into conflict with other forms of language?
6. Crystal claims that Black English or African American English shows creolization, decreolization, and hypercreolization. What do these terms mean?
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