What do you see? Tell us about the image, colors, materials, and size of the work of art. Imagine you are explaining it to someone who can’t see it. Provide a word picture. Look at it really closely for details that the casual viewer might miss.What is unique about this particular work of art?Wonder and awe. What makes this work of art amazing? What does it make you think about? What unanswered questions do you have?Don’t do any outside research for this essay. Use only the images provided as reference and the descriptions below: The revolution in twentieth-century architecture was made possible by the use of ferroconcrete (a cement building material reinforced with steel rods) in combination with the structural steel cantilever: a horizontal beam supported at one end and projecting beyond the point of support. In the architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright (18691959), the first American architect of world significance, this confluence of innovative materials and brilliant technique attained landmark importance. The foremost student of Louis Sullivan (see Figure 13.6), Wright visited Japan when he was in his thirties. Impressed by the grace and purity of Japanese art, he admired the respect for natural materials and the sensitive relationship between setting and structure that characterized Japanese architecture (see Figure 5.6). His earliest designs embraced the East Asian principle of horizontality, by which buildings hugged the earth. From Japanese interiors, where walls often consist of movable screens (see Figures 5.12 and 10.30), he formulated the idea of interconnecting interior and exterior space, using the steel frame and the cantilever to create large areas of uninterrupted space. He subordinated decorative detail to the overall design and allowed the structural materialswood, brick, glass, concrete, or natural rockto establish the personality of the building. Wrights style featured crisp interlocking planes, contrasting textures, and interpenetrating solids and voidsdomestic architecture that was as abstract as a Cubist painting. His dramatic use of the cantilever and his integration of landscape and house reached new imaginative heights in Fallingwater, the residence he designed at Bear Run, Pennsylvania (Figure 14.36). Figure 14.36 Frank Lloyd Wright, Fallingwater (Kaufmann House), Bear Run, Pennsylvania, 19361939. Reinforced concrete, stone, masonry, steel-framed doors and windows, enclosed area 5800 sq. ft. Embracing a cascading waterfall, the ferroconcrete-and-stone structure seems to grow organically out of the natural wooded setting. In Japan, Buddhism was introduced in the sixth century c.e. Absorbing the Shinto nature-worship of the ancient Japanese, Buddhism became the spiritual force that united the emperor of Japan, the nobility, and growing communities of monks. As in the West, religious and political authority worked together to create impressive religious complexes furnished with religious icons. The seventh- and eighth-century c.e. Buddhist monastery of Horyu-ji at Narathe site of the oldest wooden buildings in the worldwas home to hundreds of monks (Figure 5.6). Its graceful five-tiered pagoda, a landmark of Japanese architecture, is derived from a synthesis of the Buddhist stupa (see page 121) and the Chinese defense tower, and preserves unique timber-construction techniques that originated in China. Roughly contemporaneous with the Carolingian era, the Nara period in Japan (646794 c.e.) witnessed a flowering of culture that included the writing of the earliest histories of Japan and the first collections of Japanese poetry. Figure 5.6 Horyu-ji, Nara, Japan, seventh and eighth centuries c.e.
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