PLEASE RESPOND TO MY CLASSMATE AND USE 3 DIFFERENT SOURCES
Pharyngotonsillitis involves the inflammation of both pharynx and tonsils. (BCH, 2015) In the above scenario, the causative factor for the infection is Group A Streptococcus (GAS), which is actually the most common cause of human acute bacterial pharyngitis. Approximately 15 million cases of streptococcal pharyngitis occur annually in the United States, representing 15 to 30% of all childhood cases of acute pharyngitis and 5 to 10% of adult cases. (Virtaneva, 2003)
The role genetics plays in the disease.
I have not seen articles that support the association of genetics and Pharyngotonsillitis. Generally, I assume that genetics does not have a role in the occurrence of this disease.
Why the patient is presenting with the specific symptoms described.
With regards to the invasion of GAS in this patients immune system, his immune system cells moved to the area or immune system cells that are already there are activated. Specific immune system cells release substances into the immediate area that make the blood vessels wider and more permeable. This is what caused his pharynx and tonsils to swell, heat up and redden, and inflammation results. In some cases, a fever may develop as well, but not in this particular one. Often time, the blood vessels expand further, and even more immune system cells arrive. (Chen, 2017)
The physiologic response to the stimulus presented in the scenario and why you think this response occurred.
The physiologic response that I have noted is the allergic response of Anaphylaxis. The most rapid and severe immediate hypersensitivity reaction. As presented, the patient developed symptoms such as swelling of his tongue and lips, and the severe systemic reaction of difficulty breathing with audible wheezing immediately after taking one capsule of the prescribed Amoxicillin. The respiratory difficulties are possibly caused by contraction of bronchial smooth muscle, laryngeal edema, and vascular collapse that can ultimately lead to shock and death. (McCance, 2019)
The cells that are involved in this process.
The cell wall Mprotein, an extended alphahelical protein with anticomplementary and antiphagocytic properties, is considered as the main virulence determinant of betahemolytic group A streptococci. Mproteins, by interacting with plasma proteins such as immunoglobulin G, fibrinogen and C4binding protein, are able to interfere with innate and adaptive host immune responses. Streptokinase, which converts plasminogen to plasmin, may significantly contribute to a rapid spread of betahemolytic group A streptococci within infected tissue. (Stjernquist-Desatnik, 2009)
How another characteristic (e.g., gender, genetics) would change your response.
The highest incidence of pharyngotonsillitis occurs during the winter season and among individuals in the 515years agegroup. Pharyngotonsillitis can be caused by a wide variety of pathogens. Viruses account for over 50% of all cases of pharyngotonsillitis (2). Of bacterial pathogens, betahemolytic group A streptococci (e.g. Streptococcus pyogenes) are responsible for 1530% of all cases of pharyngotonsillitis, with higher rates of occurrence during the winter months in temperate climates. (Stjernquist-Desatnik, 2009) With regards to the effect of demographics to this disease, I have not found a significant point in my research to support that either gender not genetics plays a role.
References
Chen, L., Deng, H., Cui, H., Fang, J., Zuo, Z., Deng, J., Li, Y., Wang, X., & Zhao, L. (2017). Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs. Oncotarget, 9(6), 72047218. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.23208
McCance, K., & Huether, S. (2019). Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation. In Pathophysiology, The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children (8th ed.). Mosby.
Pharyngitis & Tonsillitis in Children. (2015). Boston’s Children Hospital. https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions-and-treatments/conditions/p/pharyngitis-and-tonsillitis
Stjernquist-Desatnik, A., & Orrling, A. (2009). Pharyngotonsillitis. Periodontology 2000, 49(1), 140150. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.2008.00282.x
Virtaneva, K., Graham, M. R., Porcella, S. F., Hoe, N. P., Su, H., Graviss, E. A., Gardner, T. J., Allison, J. E., Lemon, W. J., Bailey, J. R., Parnell, M. J., & Musser, J. M. (2003). Group a streptococcus gene expression in humans and cynomolgus macaques with acute pharyngitis. Infection and Immunity, 71(4), 21992207. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.4.2199-2207.2003
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