Category: Samples

The article Local Budgeting and Public Participation: Contextual Predictors of State Laws Mandating Public Input by Mitchel N. Herian examines the political and economical facets associated with the established state laws that authorize public participation and input in budgets. The article provides that, in advancing democracies, the ability of the public to participate in the budgetary functions has increased over the years. The article provides predictions in terms of the extent of the engagement of the public in their respective localities in budgetary processes. The article evaluates the presence of issues such as state laws regarding the public participation and input in local budgeting, and the forms of public participation required to ensure the adequate participation of the public in the local authorities budgeting processes.

Local public participation is actualized through the imposition of self-laws, and other forms of laws. Such is usually through panels, public hearings and gatherings, and public surveys to gauge the various views. In addition, with the recent and rapid developments in terms of technology it is possible for local and state authorities to engage the public in the budgeting processes such as through active internet activities. Various variables influence the level and presence of public participation in budgeting processes. Economic variables affect the participation of the public in that they directly influence the per capita state gross domestic product as well as the individual incomes of the public.

In addition, another key economic aspect is taxation, which affects the public as well as the revenues, which are collected within a state of local area. Hence, the public is influenced by such matters, which affect them directly to seek public. Political variables also determine the aspect of public participation. Such takes place in the need to maintain parity between the various parties and political interests in the budgeting policies. Democratized states and local authorities usually advocate for public participation in budgeting than other states with lower levels of democracy. Institutional variable also affect the involvement of the public in the budgeting and planning processes. Government authorities and their related structures also determine the ability of the public in budgeting. Hence, these structures give power to individuals in the various positions, in local and state authorities to make decisions relating to the budgets in their respective jurisdictions.

On the other hand, Philip G. Joyce and Scott Pattison in their article Public Budgeting in 2020: Return to Equilibrium, or Continued Mismatch between Demands and Resources? state that the aspect of public budgeting has been embedded in the differences, in terms of the requirements of the public, and the need by the government to ensure the actualization of the various activities provided for, in public budgets. There have been various events in terms of budgeting practices as well as trends. The present budgeting trends make it difficult to predict of future trends and events and needs in terms of public involvement in budgeting. Various elements and issues were evaluated in the article.

They entail the presence of changes and prediction of changes in the unforeseen future, in terms of budgeting policies, and the presence of laws and regulations in the public domain facilitating involvement of the public, in budgeting. The articles talks of the fiscal wellbeing of the federal government and the effects of the growing and unexpected deficits in the United States budget. Hence, the article questions the ability of the federal government to reduce the unprecedented risks and deficits to manageable levels or whether such unprecedented increases in the deficits which are likely to affect the economy negatively, as well as the involvement of the public in the budgeting processes. Identically, states and local authorities face similar changes to those faced by the federal government in terms of making relevant allocations, as well as the reduction of the deficits in such budgets. States might be under pressure identical to pressure that the federal government is under because of the reduced growth because of the increased spending and subsequent deficits.

The activities of governments and the related local authorities rely on the presence of resources and mainly in the form of funds to enable actualization of such activities. In addition, there is also need for the presence of equality as budgeting according to the article is essentially an era of scarcity and lack, as it indicates the presence of inability to meet the demands due to the mismatch between demand and supply of the available funds or resources. Essentially, in the preceding decades the governments and state authorities will face crises in terms of ensuring reduction or constant deficits and public debt.

This might be a difficult task for the government given that, the spending, deficits and public debts have been on an increase in the united sates. Hence, there is a need for actions in terms of allocation of revenues and control of the spending of the budgets to ensure the aspect of equality in both national and state levels. However, if actions by the federal government in terms of control of spending and revenues were undertaken in an equal measure, such would subsequently trickle down to the state and local level authorities thus ensuring the realization of the effects at grassroots level. Furthermore, the challenges facing the government, if addressed in relation to the fiscal and monetary changes in the country, could enable changes in making decisions for bettering the deficit and debt conditions of the country.

Bruce J. Perlman, in his article, The Great Recession and Compensation Practices: New Rules for Compensation?, discusses of the great recession and the effects of the events in terms of labor relations and collective bargaining as well as on the state and local governments. The main issues are that labor relations and practices of compensation in both local and sate levels of the government have attracted various views of such issues in the country. His has necessitated the review of such practices at the stipulated levels of government to ensure the aspects of equality. This has taken a political perspective in that politicians use such platforms and issues to woo supporters and increase their political images and attractiveness.

The Great Recession had severe effects on several areas of the state and local governments. Such reduces the present labor forces, and compensations towards the labor forces such as wages and the related benefits. Hence, this brings forth questions of the change of the rules of labor relations and the acts of compensations to the laborers in the market. Such changes could be attributed simply to the Great Recession; however, there are pending notions of the return to normalcy after the end of the great Recession.

However, there are forces, which aim at altering the presence of equality by exerting individual control over the budgeting processes, as well as the compensation practices for laborers in the market. However, the parties seeking alternative forms of compensation, which are inequitable, have not yet been able to alter such changes in terms of compensation, labor relations and the presence of collective bargaining in the labor market.

In conclusion, there is a dire need to ensure that equality prevails in the allocation of compensation in the labor sector, the issue of compensation, and aspects of collective bargaining. Such is influenced by the ever-changing political scene as new players come into play and enforce new ideas in terms of the need to either maintain or change the existing laws and regulations governing the issues identified in the labor sector and related compensations and the respective collaborative bargain agreements in existence.

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Unemployment and Inflation

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Unemployment and Inflation

In any given country or state, various factors affect the growth and development of the respective economy. One such factor is unemployment, which slows the growth rate of economies due to the reduction in a nation’s national income. Unemployment transpires when individuals do not have any mode of acquiring income or are seeking alternatives of earning. Inflation and unemployment are related causatives of a slow economy. Inflation refers to the persistent increase in the cost of tangible and intangible commodities in a financial system over time. Thus, the relation between unemployment and inflation is profound and factual when the cost of tangible and intangible commodities, such as raw materials, raises causing companies to either lay off their workers or cease from employing more workers reducing the costs of production and paying wages to employees.

The rate of unemployment is a gauge of the frequency of unemployment and is computed as a proportion of those individuals without jobs as compared to their employed counterparts. In America, the rate of unemployment is currently standing at 23% after the government stated the measure to be at 8.2%. The 8.2% rate, also known as the U3 rate, represents the unemployed or the people who have started to search for employment for less than a month but have become discouraged or are not looking for jobs. The broader discouraged rate, also described as the U6 rate, which stands at 14.9%, represents the short-term workers, searching for jobs, whom are either working part time or have become discouraged and stopped searching for employment. In contrast, the 23% rate collectively sums up the two rates to represent the overall unemployment rate for the country.

Most young people constitute the U3 rate, which comprises the unemployed, and those that have searched for work for four weeks and have become discouraged. Most of them fall between ages of 16 and 25. The unemployment rate falls within these age group because most of these youths search for jobs during the summer holidays thereby resulting in an elevated number of the workforce. The United States government has contributed to this rate of unemployment due to embracing surveys on short-term unemployment as opposed to long-term unemployment before 1994. It has also been evident that the rate at which unemployment occurs is rising since people are discouraged for being unable to find work and thus, limit themselves to the two categories. The number of jobs created compared to the prospective labor force is at a deficit also contributing to the rise in the unemployment ratio among the youth age group.

The unemployment rate among the youth has also been attributed to the demand for tangible and intangible commodities. In order for a company or a firm to increase the supply of its commodities, it requires a large workforce or marginal work inputs. The rise in the delivery of the commodities is proportionally related to the increase in demand for these commodities when observed in the short run. This increase in the demand leads to the employment of additional laborers in the firm. However, if the demand for these commodities is either stagnant or reducing, then the firm is obliged to cut down on its resources by downsizing the number of its workers and reducing or ceasing employment of new workers in order to reduce costs involved in the production of its commodities.

Unemployment influences negatively on the economy of a country and presents a negative social euphoria that leads to the increase of deviant behavior in societies and reduces the productivity of a nation. Therefore, it is highly beneficial for jobs to be created to enable the development of an economy.

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Non-Peer Reviewed

Introduction

            The article to be reviewed is obtained from the Internet Journal of Criminology. It addresses the nature of graffiti, its prevalence in public rest rooms, and influence the nature of the medium has on the graffiti itself. The paper analyzed graffito in a number of public restrooms. The question that the author addressed was the content and communicative features of graffito with relation to the space and cultural values of the wider society. The purpose of the paper was to identify the prevalence of this cultural phenomenon among the gender divide in comparison with earlier studies done on the same.

Study design

The author used a cross-sectional research design to conduct his research. A cross-sectional design aims to gather data from a multitude of different platforms at a relatively short time. This study saves the researcher’s resources as well as provides a wide base of data to compare with the theory. The study involves the observation of a representative of the public restrooms containing graffiti. It is a descriptive study, which focuses on the theme of the study irrespective of other variables (Ellis, 2010). The author of the paper studied 323 public restrooms with graffito. This represents the restrooms that contain graffiti.

Operational Definition

            The study matter is public restroom graffiti, which the researcher refers to as ‘latrinalia’. This is to distinguish this graffiti from that which appears on other places. The researcher cites the source of this phrase, which is the coinage of a researcher studying the same topic. This term is used throughout the research paper to denote the public restroom graffiti. An operational term is used to refer to the topic interest and serves to set it apart from other such terms not referring to the research, and irrelevant to the topic.

Inductive verses Deductive Logic

            In the research paper, inductive logic is used to refer to the finding of this research and earlier research to draw conclusions based on the findings. Although the conclusions are scientific, they leave room for the possibility that the conclusion reached is false. An example of inductive reasoning that is drawn from the research paper is that the rules that dominate male public restrooms demonize homosexuality. The researcher went on to demonstrate that this finding is not accurate evidenced by the homosexual and homophobic graffiti found on the walls (Trahan, 2011).

Deductive logic entails reaching a certain conclusion from a variety of statements. Deductive reasoning differs with inductive logic in that a conclusion is reached from a general principle. An example from this research paper is the conclusion arrived at after analysis of the content of graffiti in male public restrooms. This shows that the writers are homosexual, homophobic or anti-homophobia. The nature of the messages left on the walls leads on t this conclusion. They based on the premise that the only people with access to the restroom are of a gender only, in this case men only.

Quantitative verses Qualitative Design

Qualitative research design aims to get an in-depth knowledge of human nature and the reasons for such behavior. They investigate the why of the action or decision taken. On the other hand, quantitative design focuses on the empirical research of the phenomena under study by employing mathematical and statistical modes. The researcher using this method collects data in numerical form to answer to the question posed at the beginning of the study. In this paper, the research used qualitative research design to collect word data. He looked for themes in the latrinalia that created patterns exclusive to that form of expression.

A possible disadvantage of using qualitative design over quantitative is bias. In quantitative design, the use of empirical data collection methods ensures great scientific accuracy of the data collected. Qualitative design relies on the interpretive skills of the researcher. Bias on the part of the researcher may hinder the results of the study from being ass objective as possible. In this study, the researcher may be biased against homosexuals, thus his interpretation of the latrinalia may be to promote homophobia or to depict homosexuals in a bad light.

Methodology

The methodology used in the paper was sequential. The identification of a study group, the target of the paper and the topic of study is prepared before the beginning of the study. The target population is the people using public restrooms and leaving latrinalia. The sampling methods in the study are randomized as the public restrooms sampled are randomly picked in a university campus. The return rate is not mentioned in the study paper. It could be assumed as frequent, since the population of a university campus is largely fixed.

Findings

The findings of the study on the themes prevalent in latrinalia showed to specific dominant theme. The number of comments supporting both sides was close to equal. The prevalence of other themes such as religion and humor was much lower and related to the two main themes. The comments stemming from homophobic or homosexual statements revealed the ideological paradigms of the writers of the latrinalia and not necessarily the sexual preferences of the authors. The graffiti featured a series of arguments by multiple authors in a temporal sequence. The nature of the original statement governed the pattern manifested in the responses.

Author’s Conclusions

The researcher debunked earlier findings of a dominant theme. Instead, his finding showed no dominance by any theme. The relevance of the medium to the content is reiterated in the conclusion. He calls for further study into the relevance of the medium, which had been previously ignored. The reflection of latrinalia on the societal values of the author is broached. This is due to the cultural significance afforded to public graffiti. He finally reflects on the nature of the medium, its role on setting the agenda and its use a battleground to express the author’s ideology.

Impact verses Process Evaluation

Impact evaluation addresses the changes that can be alleged to a project. It seeks to evaluate the actual results from the hypothetical ones. The object of an impact analysis is to answer cause-and-effect questions. On the other hand, process evaluation places emphasis on the development and implementation of a project in comparison to the expected output. The use of these evaluation methods is to assess the efficiency of the project, and the impact it has on the intended target recipients.

Conclusion

The study was an improvement from the previous ones done on the same topic. The researcher should have expanded his area of data collection since a university campus may only reach individuals with similar mindsets or modes of disseminating their opinions. By expanding the research to a wider public and even including cities, the researcher may have obtained varied data. There are different themes covered in latrinalia. The ones the researcher covered are a small representation. These findings may have broadened the scope of the paper and field of study, as well.

References

Ellis, L., Hartley, R. D., & Walsh, A. (2010). Research methods in criminal justice and criminology: An interdisciplinary approach. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Trahan, A. (January 01, 2011). Identity and Ideology: The Dialogic Nature of Latrinalia. Internet Journal of Criminology

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Eleanor Roosevelt’s My Day

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Eleanor Roosevelt’s My Day

My Day, written by Eleanor Roosevelt, was a newspaper column that was regularly published from 1935 onwards to 1962. At that time, the column was authored six days in a week, the only exception accruing from the death of Eleanor Roosevelt’s husband, which caused the article to be on halt for four consecutive days. The column discussed many prevailing issues such as religion, women, race, and other notable events such as the Pearl Harbor, the H-Bomb, prohibition and her final days at the White House.

The July 5 document sought to air Eleanor Roosevelt’s views on religion in the United States pertaining to the freedom curtailed in the First Article of the Constitution. The prayer, which was the subject of the debate between the country’s governors and the Supreme Court, was written and supported by the state government. Additionally, the prayer was supposed to be used in schools under state direction. However, the Supreme Court declared such a law unconstitutional because, under the constitution, no individual can be coerced by the government to adhere to a certain religion or to conform to a certain religious procedure. Eleanor agrees with the Supreme Court saying that religion should be defined by people’s actions making it possible for people to practice their individual religions.

Eleanor also wrote an article based on prohibition on July 14 1939. She was addressing the effects of such a law on the American people. She asserted that the law did not prevent people from engaging in immoral activities such as excessive alcohol consumption. Instead, the prohibition only created more violators and criminals who did not consent to the law; after all, laws are followed with a person’s consent. The law produced hypocrites and law perpetrators among many people. She concludes that repealing the law did not produce any desired effect among the people whether young or old.

On December 8 1941, Eleanor focused on the Pearl Harbor. In the article, she noted the various wars and conflicts occurring in many parts of the world that resulted in the deaths of many Americans. Regarding the suspense attack on the Pearl Harbor by the Japanese Kamikaze, she asserts that the experience served as a revelation to Americans. It was important for Americans to engage in their own activities, concentrate on those activities and mobilize every community to create protection strategies form enemy attacks. Furthermore, she asserted that creating efficient community services would enable the American people to feel secure and unite to conquer weakness, uncertainty and insecurity.

On April 21 1945, Eleanor focused on her final days in the White House. In the article, she reveals her personal emotions towards leaving the White House after staying in it for 12 years. She asserts that her final days in the house were spent reliving her past moments with a staff and very member of the house. There were memorable occurrences that she experienced while living in the house such as President Truman’s visit and the death of her husband, Franklin Roosevelt. She also reflects on the transition between the administrations. She notes that the American people took the change positively, accruing the response to President Truman, the cabinet, the Congress and the people.

Eleanor also reflected on the H-Bomb in her article on April 16 1954. The creation of the weapon presented many questions speculating on the dangers of the bomb. The discovery of the weapon caused outlawing of the use of atomic bombs. However, Eleanor focuses on the law, asserting that if outlawing the use of the atomic bomb prevented destruction then every country in the world should agree on total disarmament of weapons. She alludes that it is important to rely on weapons that can help the country defend it rather than weapons that destroy innocent people. This is because such an outcome will lead to condemnation by enemies and the people’s conscience.

Eleanor also wrote a number of articles based on women issues. Such issues focused on the status of women in relation to employment, war, politics, work and employment. Most of the issues faced by women were centered on the role of women in the society, which according to Eleanor was repressed. Additionally, she focused on the laws created by the government, which sought to repress women’s positions in the government but actually influenced every person regardless of gender. She also notes on the social nature of women asserting that men should know more about women before writing about them in tabloids and magazines. She also addresses women vying for political positions challenging all women that they should vote for credible women who will uplift and represent women in the community. She also focused on the need for equal privileges between all sexes and advocated for women to be selected for the army: both articles asserted that women could participate as equally as men could.

Eleanor also addressed the issue of race, which was prevailing at the time. She reflected on the discrimination of the Jews, Christians and other minorities by the German government. She also poised on race riots that were characteristic of the country advocating for love to solve the problem rather than hate. She also reflects on the Navajo Indians in America at a time where a bill regarding the Indians, if passed, would destroy the Indian culture. She also focused on desegregation and the plight of African American children regarding education. She asserted that rules could not be based on what individuals do with their lives since that hinders certain people from participating. She also focused on the apartheid and the Civil Rights policies, which delved on the equality of all races especially the Africans and Dutch in South Africa and the African Americans in America.

Through the columns, Eleanor Roosevelt was able to inspire millions of Americans who found her articles relevant, philosophical and real. Focusing on real life issues, Eleanor was able to connect with every person who read the columns. Eleanor Roosevelt proved to be a great leader through her columns as the First lady by inspiring hope into the lives of women and men in America.

 

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Food is a basic and necessary requirement in our society. It is necessary because it contributes to human beings’ existence. In relation to culture, food is defined by a variety of normal cultural structures. These cultural structures are what we eat, the way we eat, with whom do we eat and when we eat. Concerning culture, lack of resources such as transportation facilities limited the mobility of food in historical context hence associating food with place. Furthermore, food is associated with place depending on its availability through trade. For instance, barter trades were common in past societies and they usually involved the exchange of various goods, which mostly comprised foodstuffs. In the past, there were limited methods of storing food. Because of this, food, which is a perishable good, spoiled. Thus, food is associated with time and season. For instance, specific foods such as maize and wheat go through different times of harvests. Moreover, environmental change comprising the change in seasons influences the perishability and storage of food. Moreover, food is related to tradition because of the passing down of cooking as a skill from elders to novices. This can be identified by eating particular foods at a particular time because other related people did so. For instance, the Thanksgiving Dinner is a tradition that was passed down from the Pilgrims to the modern American society. Food is also associated with belief because the rules governing dietary are often dictated through prescriptions such as religious interdictions. Such interdictions refer to foods that are forbidden. For instance, the Islam religion forbids the consumption of pork. Moreover, belief also extends to non-religious proscriptions. This can be identified by the non-consumption of beef and beef related products by vegetarians. Food is essential to survival therefore, it is associated with corporeality. Consequently, food is associated with hospitality because it is costly. Food is also associated with nutrition because people require certain varieties of food to be healthy. For instance, balanced diets are emphasized in relation to consumption in order to encourage healthy lifestyles and restrict consumption of unnecessary or dangerous food.

The folklorist attempts to identify the artistic communication involved among individuals and groups in an informal setting. In relation to food, the folklorist tries to identify the various aesthetic components comprising food in relation to diverse groups based on the food consumed. For instance, the folklorist attempts to identify folklore in a typical sandwich. By understanding the creation and consumption of the snack, the folklorist deduces that sandwiches are personal and aesthetic expectations. Sandwiches are also perceived to be informal because the instructions for their construction are transmitted through informal channels. Snadwiches are also deemed to be democratic and appear in popular cultures. Sandwiches are also authentic despite being in a popular culture. Thus, folklorists attach anthropological and deep meaning respective of culture to various objects such as food in the society.

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A rite of passage is comprised of a tri-partite structure. The three components of the structure are separation, liminal period and reassimilation.

What is the difference between something being unpalatable and something being inedible?

Something that is unpalatable refers to something that is unpleasant in taste regarding food or drink. On the other hand, something that is inedible refers to something that is not fit for human consumption disregarding the notion of taste.

 

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Pre-packaged or manufactured foods cannot be considered traditional. This is because they are processed and thus unnatural and not part of the native population.

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Food is associated with nationalism because it represents the culture of a particular group. For instance, traditional foods such as chilies and tortillas are reminiscent of the Mexican culture and hence describe the culture and its region.

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Making tomatoes refers to the process of integrating authentic ingredients into various cuisines, which are edible and palatable.

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Considering our bodies to be inviolate means that we are undecided about the things that enter and leave our body.

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