1. There are different norms that can be violated in the society. For instance, a moral crusade can choose behavior such as gun ownership and seek for it to be ascribed as deviant.

2a). One crusader exudes economic interest. Economic interests are the financial incentives received from participation of the society in addressing the behaviors advocated by the moral crusade. Hence, the crusader seeks to raise his or her economic status by taking advantage of the various methods used to raise awareness of gun ownership.

b). Another crusader exhibits an interest in social control. Social control refers to the society’s conformity to norms and rules. The crusader seeking social control attempts to take advantage of the crusade’s advocacy in order to enforce regulations against gun ownership in the society, which will label the act as deviant.

c). Another crusader asserts moral superiority as an interest. Moral superiority defines an individual’s declarations based on the morality of his or her actions. By expressing moral superiority in the crusade, the crusader believes that his actions and position on gun ownership as deviant are justified.

d). Guilt is also another interest expressed by one of the crusaders. Guilt acknowledges the emotion accruing from violating a norm. Hence, the crusader experiencing guilt will use the group as a platform to defend the past deviant acts he or she performed by advocating for the labeling of gun ownership as a deviant act.

3. The crusaders will frame gun ownership as a criminal problem. This is because the modest rules governing the ownership of such dangerous weapons allow any person to acquire them. Hence, framing gun ownership on criminal basis will be due to the accruing actions arising from acquiring guns.

4. A legitimate claim made by the crusaders relates to the crusade being able to raise awareness on the dangers of gun ownership. The society will benefit because rules will be created to illegalize gun ownership since it increases criminal acts. A normative claim is the flexibility to commit a crime. The rules governing gun ownership are not restrictive allowing criminal enthusiasts to acquire weapons. This will lead to the increase in criminal acts such as robbery and violence in society.

5. The crusade will succeed because gun ownership is directly proportional to the rate of crime in the society. Thus, society will support such a move and class gun ownership as a deviant act. Secondly, gun ownership affects every person in the society, and such a controversial matter can raise the need to create restrictive laws on gun ownership by the government.

Gender and Deviance

Option 1

1a). Gender, perceived sexuality and bullying are linked because they are responsible for the behaviors young people exhibit. For instance, the male child seeks to prove what is related to his male gender. However, some activities that some males engage in force them to become bullied by other males who refer the activity in terms of the female sexuality hence referring to the male as a girl or a homosexual.

b). Bullying has a negative effect on the males. Since males are expected to engage in activities that are masculine, some activities males engage in are considered feminine leading to violence. In terms of gender hierarchy, bullying forces the males to be less confident about their masculinity. This leads to the superiority of women to men since men are viewed as weak. In most societies, men have always been superior to women. Their masculinity enhances their ego and confidence over women. However, bullying causes men to lose their ego and reject their sexuality.

c). Boys react negatively to bullying resorting to violence evidenced by the increase in school shootings. This is because boys strive to prove their masculinity. Girls, on the other hand, do not react negatively to bullying since it does not reference their attitudes towards their sexuality since it does not affect them. Furthermore, social norms do not expect girls to prove their sexuality but force the males to do so which contributes to boys’ negative reaction.

2a). Different from traditional bullying, electronic bullies do not reveal their identity through platforms such as provisional email accounts. Furthermore, cyber bullying does not limit the number of bullies, unlike traditional bullying. Cyber bullying does not recognize gender thus it is possible for anyone to be bullied unlike traditional bullying, which is mostly centered, on males. However, cyber bulling provides an advantage over traditional bullying for the victim because he or she can choose to avoid it by avoiding the medium of communication such as the chat room.

Colonial Latin America

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Colonial Latin America

            It is evident through history that the Spanish conquest of the Americas was more superficial than real. As much as the Mexica and other indigenous tribes were defeated in battle, they found other means to resist the control of the Spanish. The Spanish conquest began as a series of explorations to other foreign lands that they wanted to discover. The renowned researcher Christopher Columbus was the first person who suggested these expeditions. However, the catholic monarchs who ruled Spain at the time were not in support of the idea. The Queen of Castile, Isabella I was the first member of the royal family to accept the suggestions made by Columbus. With the consent of the monarchs, the expeditions began which resulted in the discovery of the Americas.

From this information, the colonization of the Americas was unintentional. This is because they had not planned to take over and control these lands. They came across them by chance and took the advantage by declaring them their colonies. Their main aim was to increase the areas under Spanish rule and to control the trade that was taking place there (Marley, 2008). If they had comprehensively planned the conquest of the Americas, their conquest would have been more authentic. It took a long time for the Spaniards to lay claim over the Americas, and this is another sign of weakness on their part. They took a long time in order to avoid causing discord with the native inhabitants if these regions (Diaz, Cohen & Radice, 2009).

However, even with the long time it took, the natives were not impressed by the idea of being under the rule of a foreign empire. The native inhabitants had their own systems of government and they were content with them. Therefore, the local communities did not accept infiltration of the Spanish into their territory. This resulted in the emergence of resistances to oppose the rule of the Spaniards. The consistencies of these rebellions led to the Spanish American wars of independence, which took place in the 19^th century. The leaders of these wars were called ‘Libertadores’ which meant liberators in Spanish and Portuguese (Andrien, 2001). Most of them were natives born of European heritage. They also had some military training from Spain; this helped them a lot in the war. In addition to this, they had been influenced by liberalism and this was their motivation.

They lead the rebellion against the Spanish armies even though they did not have the same amount of armor. This may have been a probable reason for their defeat in the first wars that took place. Another reason why the Spanish conquest was superficial was that their rule was not well established in the Americas. When their rule is compared to the other colonialists in the world like the British, for example, several differences arise. In the case of the British, they were undoubtedly in control of all the areas they had conquered. The hierarchy of rule and the method they used to govern the countries that they had colonized evidenced this. On the other hand, the Spaniards did not have a definite hierarchy and governance technique. This made their rule weak and facilitated the rise of rebellions in the countries they had colonized (Burkholder & Johnson, 2010).

If the Spaniards had planned their conquest more effectively, their rule may have been considered more real than superficial. This is because the possibility of rebellions arising at the beginning of their invasion would have been avoided. In addition to this, the natives would have more respect for them if they had a more sophisticated method of governance. This is because they would consider the Spaniards more superior to them and therefore, respect them more. However, since their governance was the same as their native ones, they had no reason to respect them. Consequently, the Spaniard invasion and conquest of the Americas was unsuccessful and superficial.

References

Andrien, K. J. (2001). Andean worlds: Indigenous history, culture, and consciousness under Spanish rule, 1532-1825. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.

Burkholder, M. A., & Johnson, L. L. (2010). Colonial Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press.

Díaz, C. B., Cohen, J. M., & Radice, B. (2009). The conquest of New Spain. London: Clays

Ltd., Penguin.

Marley, D. (2008). Wars of the Americas: A chronology of armed conflict in the New World, 1492 to the present. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.